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• sian Development Bank (ADB), German Development Bank (KfW), and the World Bank provide soft loans on long term basis and grants for infrastructure projects. Usually, these funds (soft loans) are given with a grant component for project preparation or capacity building. In certain cases, retroactive financing arrangements can also be agreed to, wherein funds spent in project preparation are financed after the loan agreements are finalised.

• These institutions have access to funds with long repayment periods (e.g., loans from development agencies, bonds from the open market, foreign institutional investors, etc.) and are thus able to lend for relatively longer durations than banks.

• Select the bidder based on both technical and financial bids and not solely on the criteria of selecting the lowest bidder;