Exploring the Moderating Role of Gender in Juvenile Hacking Behaviors - Thomas J. Holt, Jordana N. Navarro, Shelly Clevenger, 2020

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• The potential gender differences noted in this analysis also suggest a need to highlight the negative consequences of delinquent peer associations for on and off-line behaviors among females to help minimize the risk of offending

• time spent with peers significantly increased the odds of hacking for girls in keeping with some prior research on female delinquency generally

• whereas females whose peers engaged in shoplifting were more likely to hack.

• as females were more likely to hack if they spent more time with their peers generally, and also had peers who frightened others

• females are more likely to be supervised and monitored by parents or guardians which may decrease their potential for deviant peer interactions and limit opportunities to offend

• Youth with low self-control and deviant peer networks had significantly greater odds of engaging in hacking as found in similar studies of hacking with juvenile and young adults samples

• Qualitative research demonstrates individuals who engage in hacking gain an interest in this activity typically during early adolescence

• Low self-control was also significantly associated with involvement in hacking, which aligns with prior research

• The findings demonstrated that individuals with low self-control and deviant peer associations were significant predictors for both males and females