Mapping the Global Journey of Anthropogenic Aluminum: A Trade-Linked Multilevel Material Flow Analysis

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• the more value-added. The trade-linked global aluminum cycle reveals that richer countries (e.g., North America and Europe) tend to take better advantage of aluminum’s increasing value

• The value of aluminum embodied in products increases from mining to production and peaks at fabrication and manufacturing:

• . Second, the more developed countries tend to have a substantial and increasing presence throughout the stages from aluminum production on, w

• developing countries may be active in mining but are rarely involved in any significant way

• Third, only a few major countries (e.g., U.S., Australia, Canada, Japan, Germany, Russia, China, Brazil, and India) have a near complete domestic industrial chain.