554616-2022-2024-syllabus.pdf

Tags

Top Highlights

• escribe the splitting of degenerate d orbitals into two non-degenerate sets of d orbitals of higher energy, and use of Δ E in: (a) octahedral complexes, two higher and three lower d orbitals (b) tetrahedral complexes, three higher and two lower d orbitals

• a) during a change in state, e.g. melting, boiling and dissolving (and their reverse) (b) during a temperature change (c) during a reaction in which there is a change in the number of gaseous molecules

• (a) enthalpy change of atomisation, ΔHa

• (b) explain the factors affecting the electron affinities of elements

• c) describe and explain the trends in the electron affinities of the Group 16 and Group 17 elements

• explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of a lattice energ

• define and use the term enthalpy change with reference to hydration, ΔHhyd, and solution, ΔHsol

• construct and use an energy cycle involving enthalpy change of solution, lattice energy and enthalpy change of hydration

• explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of an enthalpy change of hydration

• state whether a reaction or process will be feasible by using the sign of ΔG

• predict the effect of temperature change on the feasibility of a reaction, given standard enthalpy and entropy changes

• predict the identities of substances liberated during electrolysis from the state of electrolyte (molten or aqueous), position in the redox series (electrode potential) and concentration

• state and apply the relationship F = Le between the Faraday constant, F, the Avogadro constant, L, and the charge on the electron, e

• describe the determination of a value of the Avogadro constant by an electrolytic method

• (a) standard electrode (reduction) potential (b) standard cell potential

• (a) metals or non-metals in contact with their ions in aqueous solution (b) ions of the same element in different oxidation states

• (b) predict the feasibility of a reaction

• (a) deduce the polarity of each electrode and hence explain/deduce the direction of electron flow in the external circuit of a simple cel

• deduce from E⦵ values the relative reactivity of elements, compounds and ions as oxidising agents or as reducing agents

• (b) explain how a buffer solution can be made