Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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• and 463 million adults aged

• Patients with T2DM have a 15% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with people without diabetes with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality associated with T2DM

• The organs involved in T2DM development include the pancreas (β-cells and α-cells), liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, small intestine, and adipose tissue

• The association of diabetes with increased risk of coronary heart disease (hazard ratio [HR] 2.00; 95% CI 1.83–2.19), ischaemic stroke (HR 2.27; 1.95–2.65), and other vascular disease-related deaths (HR 1.73; 1.51–1.98) has been shown in a meta-analysis

• defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells

• inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin

• large amounts of fats and carbohydrates

• impaired/lower response to circulating insulin by blood glucose levels

• Hyperglycaemia can increase circulating cytokines that can lead to chronic inflammation in T2DM