Bone Metastasis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

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• the skeleton is the third most common site of disease after lung and liver.

• Carcinoma is the most common cause of secondary bone cancer

• breast, lung, and prostate

• Prostate cancer posed the highest risk for bone metastases (18% to 29%) followed by lung, renal, or breast cancer.

• mostly through the hematogenous spread

• through the venous system is the predominant process of spinal metastasis

• lung and breast cancers

• due to the venous drainage of the breast through the azygos vein

• Prostate cancer usually metastasizes to the lumbar-sacral spine and pelvis because it drains through the pelvic plexus in the lumbar region.

• osteoblastic (prostate cancer) and osteolytic (breast, lung, renal cancers) or mixed (breast cancer)

• often present with progressive pain or other skeletal-related events (SRE).

• unrelated or nonspecific low energy injury

• pain medication and the symptoms do not completely resolve

• night pain, unintentional weight loss,  pain with weight-bearing, or an enlarging mass in the area of concern

• vertebra is the most common site affected, followed by the femur, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal humerus, and skull.

• Pain associated with bone metastasis is a frequent symptom. It is typically gradual in onset and described as a dull, boring pain that is worse at night.

• causing nerve root compression can present as radicular pain different from mechanical pain.

• vertebra is the most common site of metastasis, a significant complication includes spinal cord compression

• Metastatic spinal cord compression occurs either through pathological vertebral collapse or direct epidural extension

• back pain